Why this Blog?

This is my way of noting things I find interesting, in regards to science.  It also keeps me from getting into stupid online arguments with anonymous people.  Or getting upset with Wikipedia, when it is obvious that some editors there don't want all the valid information about science to be available.  On Wikipedia.

The Wikipedia guidelines actually suggest you start a blog if you have anything original you want to say.

Water vapor from Shuttle exhaust may cause high unusual polar clouds

Solid Rocket Booster exhaust left behind during a Space Shuttle launch
From Aerospaceweb

Shuttle exhaust ends up at Arctic?

It is likely water vapor from the Space Shuttle launch causes rare clouds in upper atmosphere -

MAHRSI allowed scientists to follow the plume’s rapid pole-ward transport and then to observe a discrete region of ice clouds as it appeared in the Arctic near the end of the mission. Stevens and colleagues find that the water contained in these clouds is consistent with the amount injected into the thermosphere by the shuttle on its ascent off the east coast of the United States.

“This study is important because it shows that there is a new source of water ice for the polar upper atmosphere,” said Stevens, lead scientist for MAHRSI. “Our results indicate that the water vapor released by launch vehicles can end up in the Arctic mesosphere.”

About half of the water vapor exhaust from the shuttle’s main fuel tank is injected into the thermosphere, typically at altitudes of 64 to 71 miles (103 to 114 km). Stevens and colleagues found that this water vapor can then be transported all the way to the Arctic in a little over a day, much faster than predicted by models of atmospheric winds. There is currently no explanation for why the water moves so quickly.

Stevens and colleagues also include observations from a ground-based experiment in Norway measuring water vapor moving toward the Arctic Circle. These observations reveal the passage of a large plume of water vapor overhead a little over a day after the same (STS-85) shuttle launch, confirming the plume trajectory inferred from the MAHRSI measurements.

As the water vapor moves to the Arctic it falls from the warmer thermosphere down to colder areas in the mesosphere. Over the North Pole in the summer mesospheric temperatures can plummet below minus 220 Fahrenheit (minus 140 Celsius), the lowest found in the Earth’s atmosphere. At these temperatures, water vapor condenses into ice particles and clouds form.

“The amount of water found here is tiny compared to the amount in the lower atmosphere,” Stevens said. “But the long term effects in the upper atmosphere have yet to be studied.”

from NASA

This is mentioned here -

Space shuttle exhaust hints comet caused Tunguska blast

Was the Tunguska explosion of 1908 caused by a comet hitting Earth? That's the claim of a new study based on the behaviour of water vapour from the space shuttle's exhaust. But other scientists dispute the claim, and say the evidence still points to a stony meteoroid as the culprit.

The explosion was somewhere in the megaton range, and destroyed a great swathe of forest in eastern Siberia. The most likely cause is the impact of an object from space, exploding as an air-burst several kilometres up. What type of object is unclear, however, because no large solid remnants have been found.

A more nebulous kind of clue comes in the form of strange glowing clouds that lit up the night sky of Europe only a day after the Tunguska event. These were probably noctilucent clouds: rare clouds of ice crystals that appear about 85 kilometres above the ground. They are high enough to reflect sunlight even after the sun has set.

More information at links.

Acrodynia (or pink disease)

If you look on Wikipedia for Pink Disease (Acrodynia) it will redirect you to a minor entry buried in Mercury Poisoning.  If you want real evidence based science then Read here
(Journal of the Royal Science of Medicine) 
What you will find in that article is that mortality was 10%.  Which means 10 percent of the children you had Pink Disease died.  You won't find that on Wikipedia (at present). As is often the case, the people removing information from Wikipedia about this are the same ones that constantly remove valid information about mercury in many other articles.



Even so, Old Wikipedia articles can be informative.

Wikipeida article on Acrodynia on 24 June 2006



Acrodynia (or pink disease, erythredema, erythredema polyneuropathy, Bilderbeck's, Selter's, Swift's and Swift-Feer disease) refers to a condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals, especially mercury.
The word is derived from the Greek, where ακρος means high (as in:in an extremity) and οδυνη means pain. As such, it might be (erroneously) used to indicate that a patient has pain in the hands or feet. However, acrodynia is a disease rather than a symptom^[1].

Contents 1 Causes 2 Symptoms 3 Therapy 4 References

Causes

Mercury compounds like calomel were historically used for various medical purposes: as laxatives, diuretics, antiseptics or antimicrobial drugs for syphilis, typhus and yellow fever^[2] . Teething powders were are widespread source of mercury poisoning until the recognition of mercury toxicity in the 1940s.
However, mercury poisoning and acrodynia still exist today ^[3]. Modern sources of mercury intoxication include broken thermometers ^[4].

Symptoms

Besides peripheral neuropathy (presenting as paresthesia or itching, burning or pain) and discoloration, swelling (edema) and desquamation may occur.
Since mercury blocks the degradation pathway of catecholamines, epinephrine excess causes profuse sweating (diaphora), tachycardia, salivation and elevated blood pressure. Mercury is suggested to inactivate S-adenosyl-methionine, which is necessary for catecholamine catabolism by catechol-o-methyl transferase.
Affected children may show red cheeks and nose, red (erythematous) lips, loss of hair, teeth, and nails, transient rashes, hypotonia and photophobia. Other symptoms may include kidney disfunction (e.g. Fanconi syndrome) or neuropsychiatric symptoms (emotional lability, memory impairment, insomnia).
Thus, the clinical presentation may resemble pheochromocytoma or Kawasaki disease.
There is some evidence that the same mercury poisoning may predispose to Young's syndrome (men with bronchiectasis and low sperm count)^[5].

Therapy

The standard of care is discontinuation of the environmental exposure, and chelation therapy (with EDTA or maybe better, DMSA).

References

1. ^ Horowitz Y, Greenberg D, Ling G, Lifshitz M. Acrodynia: a case report of two siblings. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 453.
2. ^ Beck C, Krafchik B, Traubici J, Jacobson S. Mercury intoxication: it still exists. Pediatr Dermatol 2004; 21: 254-9. PMID 15165207
3. ^ Weinstein M, Bernstein S. Pink ladies: mercury poisoning in twin girls. CMAJ 2003; 168: 201. PMID 12538551
4. ^ Torres AD, Rai AN, Hardiek ML. Mercury intoxication and arterial hypertension: report of two patients and review of the literature. Pediatrics 2000; 105: E34. PMID 10699136
5. ^ Hendry WF, A'Hern FPA, Cole PJ. Was Young's syndrome caused by mercury exposure in childhood? BMJ 1993;307:1579-82. PMID 8292944

The previous version


Acrodynia (or pink disease) refers to a condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals, especially mercury.

Contents 1 Causes 2 Symptoms 3 Therapy 4 References

Causes

Mercury compounds like calomel were historically used for various medical purposes: as laxatives, diuretics, antiseptics or antimicrobial drugs for syphilis, typhus and yellow fever^[1] . Teething powders were are widespread source of mercury poisoning until the recognition of mercury toxicity in the 1940s.
However, mercury poisoning and acrodynia still exist today ^[2]. Modern sources of mercury intoxication include broken thermometers ^[3].

Symptoms

Besides peripheral neuropathy (presenting as paresthesia or itching, burning or pain) and discoloration, swelling (edema) and desquamation may occur.
Since mercury blocks the degradation pathway of catecholamines, epinephrine excess causes profuse sweating (diaphora), tachycardia, salivation and elevated blood pressure. Mercury is suggested to inactivate S-adenosyl-methionine, which is necessary for catecholamine catabolism by catechol-o-methyl transferase.
Affected children may show red cheeks and nose, red (erythematous) lips, loss of hair, teeth, and nails, transient rashes, hypotonia and photophobia. Other symptoms may include kidney disfunction (e.g. Fanconi syndrome) or neuropsychiatric symptoms (emotional lability, memory impairment, insomnia).
Thus, the clinical presentation may resemble pheochromocytoma or Kawasaki disease.
There is some evidence that the same mercury poisoning may predispose to Young's syndrome (men with bronchiectasis and low sperm count)^[4].

Therapy

The standard of care is discontinuation of the environmental exposure, and chelation therapy (with EDTA or maybe better, DMSA).

References

1. ^ Beck C, Krafchik B, Traubici J, Jacobson S. Mercury intoxication: it still exists. Pediatr Dermatol 2004; 21: 254-9. PMID 15165207
2. ^ Weinstein M, Bernstein S. Pink ladies: mercury poisoning in twin girls. CMAJ 2003; 168: 201. PMID 12538551
3. ^ Torres AD, Rai AN, Hardiek ML. Mercury intoxication and arterial hypertension: report of two patients and review of the literature. Pediatrics 2000; 105: E34. PMID 10699136
4. ^ Hendry WF, A'Hern FPA, Cole PJ. Was Young's syndrome caused by mercury exposure in childhood? BMJ 1993;307:1579-82. PMID 8292944

Swine flu vaccine for swine

I came up with a thought, that pigs would be the perfect animal to test swine flu vaccines on.  A quick search found a multitude of information about this. 

The Chronicle Feds mulled swine flu vaccines for pigs after herd caught H1N1


Scientist have decoded pig DNA


And then, surprise surprise, the pig site offers a swine flu vaccine, for swine!


Evidence.  Science.  I love the Internets.

I was wrong, people do argue about real science!

In the interest of advancing human knowledge, I did some research, and found that some people are quite willing to argue about real science.  Hard science.  Chemistry. 

So my previous musings were just what they sounded like, musings, with no evidence to back them up.  And based on experience, using internet forums as a source, I can state with more confidence, that real science is no defense against somebody arguing.

Nobody argues about real science

If you are anything like me, your first reaction to such a statement, "Nobody argues about real science", is an urge to argue about it.

Which I can understand. 

Now before you read the very long rambling half baked ideas behind this audacious topic, and if you are the kind of person who is easily annoyed, and short of time, (in which case why are you even reading some blog), here is the short version.
Real science is the kind that any rational intelligent person can comprehend, understand, and an experiment can demonstrate the science.  Repeatedly.

Nobody argues about it because the experiment or demonstration shows what happens.  And even if it isn't understood why, what happens is still observable.

So nobody argues about it. (update Aug 8 2015, yes they actually do)

The long version.

I was thinking about another topic, and rather than respond, I thought for a while about the very idea of arguing about a scientific matter.   Why does anyone argue about science?

I ran down several paths in the mind, and all of them ended in eternal arguments.  This reminded me of several topics online, as well as several Wikipedia articles, which are eternal battle grounds.  While the matter is in the realm of science, it is an argument.

So I thought about physics, about hard science, about things we take for granted, physical reality, the laws of physics, things that anyone can demonstrate, can do experiments to see what is what.

Then there are the everyday scientific realities that probably don't even have a science experiment about them.  We all know about these things long before we get to first grade.  Real things, like running into objects, and what happens when we impact an immovable object with our legs.  Or our nose.  What happens in the very real sense of our experience.

Things like what happens if you fall and hit the ground.  While mundane and seemingly not scientific, they are, in essence, science of a concrete matter.  Nobody argues against hard science.  Real hard science.  Not even people who hate science argue about the hard science.

OK maybe somewhere some how somebody might, because it is possible in our vast planet people might believe and say anything.  But in the real world, with real rational people, nobody argues about hard science.  (If you have had an online argument where somebody argues that running into solid objects doesn't hurt, well, I guess my whole topic just went to hell).

I'm speaking strictly of a certain kind of scientific knowledge that is shared by everyone.

Hard science, real science, the kind where the result is obvious.  Where the same thing always happens. 

Like physics.  Or math.  Simple math, not the hard kind with symbols that somebody made up and only really smart math people can even understand what is being discussed. 

So I came up with the phrase, "Nobody argues about real science".  Like when you drop something heavy and it falls.  Or you hit a window pane with a big hammer and it breaks.  Nobody says something like, "Well, you know, just because you hit that window really hard with that hammer, that doesn't mean it caused the window to break", nobody would say that.  And if they did, well, we would make fun of them or something.  Or sue them, depending on circumstances.

The same goes for gravity, or electricity, or magnetism, or heat, or mixing an acid with a base, or throwing things into a fire.  Real science is the kind where you can do the experiment your self, and you damn well know what will happen.  Every time. 

Nobody argues about real science.  But things that are not settled, that can't be settled, boy do people argue about them.

Mercury, Mercury, and then there is Mercury

Blood and Brain Mercury Content in Infant Monkeys after Exposure to Methylmercury or Thimerosal

Thomas M. Burbacher, Ph.D.
University of Washington
R01ES003745 and P30ES007033

Background: There has been great interest and debate over the past decade regarding the use of the mercury-containing preservative thimerosal and autism. According to some published reports, autism rates around the world are rising and the rise coincides with the availability of more vaccines containing thimerosal and a lowering of the age at which vaccines are given to babies. Thimerosal, which is about 50% ethylmercury, has been used since the 1930’s in vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination, particularly in multi­dose containers. Mercury has long been known to be a neurotoxicant, but much of the scientific literature has focused on methylmercury. In 1999, an FDA review noted that with the increased number of vaccines then recommended for infants, the total amount of mercury in vaccines containing thimerosal might exceed recommended levels. To be cautious, the U.S. Public Health Service and the American Academy of Pediatrics asked doctors to minimize exposure to thimerosal­containing vaccines and manufacturers to remove thimerosal from vaccines as soon as possible.

Advance: To further understand the differences in absorption and metabolism of both forms of mercury, a team of NIEHS-supported investigators exposed 41 neonatal Macaca fasicularis, or "crab-eating" monkeys to either thimerosal or methylmercury. These monkeys are considered a very good model for human infants. Monkeys in the thimerosal group received a series of injections typical of what a human infant would receive over the first few weeks of life. Those animals in the methylmercury group were given equivalent doses of mercury through a feeding tube. Initially, absorption and distribution of total mercury appeared to be similar between the two groups. However, ethylmercury from thimerosal was cleared much faster than methylmercury. Peak blood concentrations of mercury were three times higher in the methylmercury group. Brain concentrations of total mercury were significantly lower for the thimerosal group; however, a higher percentage of the total brain mercury was in the form of inorganic mercury for the thimerosal group (37% vs. 7%).

Implications:The authors conclude that knowledge of the fate and transport of methylmercury is not a suitable surrogate for risk assessments for exposure to thimerosal. Therefore, additional research is necessary to fully characterize the biotransformation of thimerosal so that a meaningful interpretation of any developmental effects from immunization with thimerosal-containing vaccines can be determined.

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW

Appearance: silver liquid.
Danger! Corrosive. Harmful if inhaled. May be absorbed through intact skin. Causes eye and skin irritation and possible burns. May cause severe respiratory tract irritation with possible burns. May cause severe digestive tract irritation with possible burns. May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause central nervous system effects. This substance has caused adverse reproductive and fetal effects in animals. Inhalation of fumes may cause metal-fume fever. Possible sensitizer.
Target Organs: Blood, kidneys, central nervous system, liver, brain.


Potential Health Effects
Eye: Exposure to mercury or mercury compounds can cause discoloration on the front surface of the lens, which does not interfere with vision. Causes eye irritation and possible burns. Contact with mercury or mercury compounds can cause ulceration of the conjunctiva and cornea.
Skin: May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. Causes skin irritation and possible burns. May cause skin rash (in milder cases), and cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color.
Ingestion: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. May cause perforation of the digestive tract. May cause effects similar to those for inhalation exposure. May cause systemic effects.
Inhalation: Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever, which is characterized by flu-like symptoms with metallic taste, fever, chills, cough, weakness, chest pain, muscle pain and increased white blood cell count. May cause central nervous system effects including vertigo, anxiety, depression, muscle incoordination, and emotional instability. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. May cause systemic effects. May cause respiratory sensitization.
Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause reproductive and fetal effects. Effects may be delayed. Chronic exposure to mercury may cause permanent central nervous system damage, fatigue, weight loss, tremors, personality changes. Chronic ingestion may cause accumulation of mercury in body tissues. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause inflammation of the mouth and gums, excessive salivation, and loosening of the teeth.



The source document upon which this CICAD is based is the Toxicological profile for mercury (update), published by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the US Department of Health and Human Services (ATSDR, 1999). Data identified as of January 1999 were considered in the source document. Data identified as of November 1999 were considered in the preparation of this CICAD. Information on the availability and the peer review of the source document is presented in Appendix 1. Information on the peer review of this CICAD is presented in Appendix 2. This CICAD was considered at a meeting of the Final Review Board, held in Helsinki, Finland, on 26–29 June 2000 and approved as an international assessment by mail ballot of the Final Review Board members on 27 September 2002. Participants at the Final Review Board meeting are presented in Appendix 3. The International Chemical Safety Cards for elemental mercury and six inorganic mercury compounds, produced by the International Programme on Chemical Safety, have also been reproduced in this document.
Mercury is a metallic element that occurs naturally in the environment. There are three primary categories of mercury and its compounds: elemental mercury, which may occur in both liquid and gaseous states; inorganic mercury compounds, including mercurous chloride, mercuric chloride, mercuric acetate, and mercuric sulfide; and organic mercury compounds. Organic mercury compounds are outside the scope of this document.
Elemental mercury is the main form of mercury released into the air as a vapour by natural processes.
Exposure to elemental mercury by the general population and in occupational settings is primarily through inhaling mercury vapours/fumes. The average level of atmospheric mercury is now approximately 3–6 times higher than the level estimated for preindustrial ambient air.
Dental amalgam constitutes a potentially significant source of exposure to elemental mercury, with estimates of daily intake from amalgam restorations ranging from 1 to 27 µg/day, the majority of dental amalgam holders being exposed to less than 5 µg mercury/day. Mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous acetate, and mercurous chloride are, or have been, used for their antiseptic, bactericidal, fungicidal, diuretic, and/or cathartic properties. A less well documented use of elemental mercury among the general population is its use in ethnic or folk medical practices. These uses include the sprinkling of elemental mercury around the home and automobile. No reliable data are currently available to determine the extent of such exposure.
Analytical methods exist for the specific assessment of organic and inorganic mercury compounds; however, most available information on mercury concentrations in environmental samples and biological specimens refers to total mercury.
Intestinal absorption varies greatly among the various forms of mercury, with elemental mercury being the least absorbed form (<0.01%) and only about 10% of inorganic mercury compounds being absorbed. For elemental mercury, the main route of exposure is by inhalation, and 80% of inhaled mercury is retained. Inorganic mercury compounds may be absorbed through the skin in toxicologically relevant quantities.
Elemental mercury is lipid soluble and easily penetrates biological membranes, including the blood–brain barrier. Metabolism of mercury compounds to other forms of mercury can occur within the tissues of the body. Elemental mercury can be oxidized by the hydrogen peroxide–catalase pathway in the body to its inorganic divalent form. After exposure to elemental mercury or inorganic mercury compounds, the main route of excretion is via the urine. Determination of concentrations in urine and blood has been extensively used in the biological monitoring of exposure to inorganic forms of mercury; hair mercury levels do not reliably reflect exposure to elemental mercury or inorganic mercury compounds.
Neurological and behavioural disorders in humans have been observed following inhalation of elemental mercury vapour, ingestion or dermal application of inorganic mercury-containing medicinal products, such as teething powders, ointments, and laxatives, and ingestion of contaminated food. A broad range of symptoms has been reported, and these symptoms are qualitatively similar, irrespective of the mercury compound to which one is exposed. Specific neurotoxic symptoms include tremors, emotional lability, insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscular changes, headaches, polyneuropathy, and performance deficits in tests of cognitive and motor function. Although improvement in most neurological dysfunctions has been observed upon removal of persons from the source of exposure, some changes may be irreversible. Acrodynia and photophobia have been reported in children exposed to excessive levels of metallic mercury vapours and/or inorganic mercury compounds. As with many effects, there is great variability in the susceptibility of humans to the neurotoxic effects of mercury.
The primary effect of long-term oral exposure to low amounts of inorganic mercury compounds is renal damage. Inorganic forms of mercury have also been associated with immunological effects in both humans and susceptible strains of laboratory rodents, and an antibody-mediated nephrotic syndrome has been demonstrated through a variety of exposure scenarios. However, conflicting data from occupational studies preclude a definitive interpretation of the immunotoxic potential of inorganic forms of mercury.
Mercuric chloride has been shown to demonstrate some carcinogenic activity in male rats, but the data for female rats and for mice have been equivocal or negative. There is no credible evidence that exposure of humans to either elemental mercury or inorganic mercury compounds results in cancer.
There is convincing evidence that inorganic mercury compounds can interact with and damage DNA in vitro. Data from in vitro studies indicate that inorganic mercury compounds may induce clastogenic effects in somatic cells, and some positive results have also been reported in in vivo studies. The combined results from these studies do not suggest that metallic mercury is a mutagen.
Parenteral administration of inorganic mercury compounds is embryotoxic and teratogenic in rodents at sufficiently high doses. Animal data from studies in which the exposure pattern was similar to human exposure patterns and limited human data do not indicate that elemental mercury or inorganic mercury compounds are developmental toxicants at dose levels that are not maternally toxic.
Several studies are in agreement that mild subclinical signs of central nervous system toxicity can be observed among people who have been exposed occupationally to elemental mercury at a concentration of 20 µg/m³ or above for several years. Extrapolating this to continuous exposure and applying an overall uncertainty factor of 30 (10 for interindividual variation and 3 for extrapolation from a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, or LOAEL, with slight effects to a no-observed-adverse-effect level, or NOAEL), a tolerable concentration of 0.2 µg/m³ was derived. In a 26-week study, a NOAEL for the critical effect, nephrotoxicity, of 0.23 mg/kg body weight was identified for oral exposure to mercuric chloride. Adjusting to continuous dosage and applying an uncertainty factor of 100 (10 for interspecific extrapolation and 10 for interindividual variation), a tolerable intake of 2 µg/kg body weight per day was derived. Use of a LOAEL of 1.9 mg/kg body weight in a 2-year study as a starting point yields a similar tolerable intake.